This BBC Inquiry podcast dives into the exciting world of cancer vaccine development, structured around four key segments. It begins by unpacking cancer biology, then examines how personalized medicine is reshaping cancer treatment. The discussion progresses to how vaccines can retrain the immune system, and finally, it looks ahead to the future of cancer vaccines. Experts shed light on how cancer cells manage to elude our immune defenses and explore promising new technologies, especially mRNA vaccines, which offer a glimmer of hope for more effective treatments with fewer side effects. The podcast includes fascinating insights from ongoing trials for melanoma and lung cancer vaccines, showcasing the rapid advancements in this field. Ultimately, listeners come away with a deeper understanding of current cancer research and the exciting prospect of vaccines transforming cancer treatment and prevention in the near future.