This episode explores the recurring theme of illiberalism in American history and its implications for contemporary politics. Against the backdrop of concerns about Donald Trump's presidency, the conversation examines whether Trump's actions represent an anomaly or a continuation of deeply ingrained illiberal tendencies. More significantly, the interview delves into historical examples, such as Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policies, the Red Scare, and Operation Wetback, to illustrate the persistent presence of illiberal impulses within American society. For instance, the discussion analyzes how seemingly liberal figures like FDR also engaged in illiberal actions, such as the Japanese internment. The guest historian argues that understanding this historical context is crucial for navigating current political challenges and avoiding a sense of fatalism about the future. Ultimately, the episode suggests that liberalism and illiberalism are often intertwined, and that a successful approach to combating illiberalism requires acknowledging its enduring presence and engaging in ongoing struggles for justice and progress. What this means for the future of American politics is a need for a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between liberal and illiberal forces, and a recognition that there will be no final victory over illiberalism.